Upregulation of inducible NO synthase by exogenous adenosine in vascular smooth muscle cells activated by inflammatory stimuli in experimental diabetes

BACKGROUND: Adenosine has been shown to induce nitric oxide (NO) production via inducible NO synthase (iNOS) activation in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Although this is interpreted as a beneficial vasodilating pathway in vaso-occlusive disorders, iNOS is also involved in diabetic vascular dysfunction. Because the turnover of and the potential to modulate iNOS by adenosine in experimental diabetes have not been explored, we hypothesized that both the adenosine system and control of iNOS function are impaired in VSMCs from streptozotocin-diabetic rats. METHODS: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with streptozotocin once to induce diabetes. Aortic VSMCs from diabetic and nondiabetic rats were isolated, cultured and exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plus a cytokine mix for 24 h in the presence or absence of (1) exogenous adenosine and related compounds, and/or (2) pharmacological agents affecting adenosine turnover. iNOS functional expression was determined by immunoblotting and NO metabolite assays. Concentrations of adenosine, related compounds and metabolites thereof were assayed by HPLC. Vasomotor responses to adenosine were determined in endothelium-deprived aortic rings. RESULTS: Treatment with adenosine-degrading enzymes or receptor antagonists increased iNOS formation in activated VSMCs from nondiabetic and diabetic rats. Following treatment with the adenosine transport inhibitor NBTI, iNOS levels increased in nondiabetic but decreased in diabetic VSMCs. The amount of secreted NO metabolites was uncoupled from iNOS levels in diabetic VSMCs. Addition of high concentrations of adenosine and its precursors or analogues enhanced iNOS formation solely in diabetic VSMCs. Exogenous adenosine and AMP were completely removed from the culture medium and converted into metabolites. A tendency towards elevated inosine generation was observed in diabetic VSMCs, which were also less sensitive to CD73 inhibition, but inosine supplementation did not affect iNOS levels. Pharmacological inhibition of NOS abolished adenosine-induced vasorelaxation in aortic tissues from diabetic but not nondiabetic animals. CONCLUSIONS: Endogenous adenosine prevented cytokine- and LPS-induced iNOS activation in VSMCs. By contrast, supplementation with adenosine and its precursors or analogues enhanced iNOS levels in diabetic VSMCs. This effect was associated with alterations in exogenous adenosine turnover. Thus, overactivation of the adenosine system may foster iNOS-mediated diabetic vascular dysfunction

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa l.) overseeding on mature switchgrass (panicum virgatum l.) stand: Biomass yield and nutritive value after the establishment year

Perennial crops can positively act on the environment providing a better inter-annual protection of soil cover from water erosion, limiting soil fertility degradation, the risk of nutrient leaching and the exploitation of water for irrigation. Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), a warm-season grass native from North America, has been cultivated for decades as forage crop and only recently as bioenergy crop. Even if several studies reported a positive effect of nitrogen (N) supply on switchgrass yield and quality, potential indirect and direct environmental risks (e.g., eutrophication and greenhouse gas emission) are related to this practice. For this reason grass-legume intercropping can represent a sustainable practice able to increase biomass yield and quality, and at the same time to improve N use efficiency, soil structure and fertility. Based on this, the aim of this study was to evaluate the suitability of switchgrass to Mediterranean environment as forage crop and to improve biomass yield and its nutritional value by intercropping with alfalfa (Medicago sativa L). During spring 2013, in two switchgrass pure stands (varieties Alamo and Blackwell, respectively), alfalfa was established through direct seeding implementing a split-plot experimental design. Our first year results report a positive effect of the intercropping in increasing the total annual yield of the stand, of about 20% with respect to the pure switchgrass stand. However, the presence of alfalfa negatively affected switchgrass yield in the mixture. In both varieties, the crude protein content was higher in the mixture than in the pure switchgrass stands. Conversely, the neutral detergent fibre content in the mixture was lower than in pure switchgrass. Then, our results show that switchgrass-alfalfa intercropping leads to increase the profitability of grassland-based livestock production

Comparison and combination of a hemodynamics/biomarkers-based model with simplified PESI score for prognostic stratification of acute pulmonary embolism: findings from a real world study

Background: Prognostic stratification is of utmost importance for management of acute Pulmonary Embolism (PE) in clinical practice. Many prognostic models have been proposed, but which is the best prognosticator in real life remains unclear. The aim of our study was to compare and combine the predictive values of the hemodynamics/biomarkers based prognostic model proposed by European Society of Cardiology (ESC) in 2008 and simplified PESI score (sPESI).Methods: Data records of 452 patients discharged for acute PE from Internal Medicine wards of Tuscany (Italy) were analysed. The ESC model and sPESI were retrospectively calculated and compared by using Areas under Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) Curves (AUCs) and finally the combination of the two models was tested in hemodinamically stable patients. All cause and PE-related in-hospital mortality and fatal or major bleedings were the analyzed endpointsResults: All cause in-hospital mortality was 25% (16.6% PE related) in high risk, 8.7% (4.7%) in intermediate risk and 3.8% (1.2%) in low risk patients according to ESC model. All cause in-hospital mortality was 10.95% (5.75% PE related) in patients with sPESI score ≥1 and 0% (0%) in sPESI score 0. Predictive performance of sPESI was not significantly different compared with 2008 ESC model both for all cause (AUC sPESI 0.711, 95% CI: 0.661-0.758 versus ESC 0.619, 95% CI: 0.567-0.670, difference between AUCs 0.0916, p=0.084) and for PE-related mortality (AUC sPESI 0.764, 95% CI: 0.717-0.808 versus ESC 0.650, 95% CI: 0.598-0.700, difference between AUCs 0.114, p=0.11). Fatal or major bleedings occurred in 4.30% of high risk, 1.60% of intermediate risk and 2.50% of low risk patients according to 2008 ESC model, whereas these occurred in 1.80% of high risk and 1.45% of low risk patients according to sPESI, respectively. Predictive performance for fatal or major bleeding between two models was not significantly different (AUC sPESI 0.658, 95% CI: 0.606-0.707 versus ESC 0.512, 95% CI: 0.459-0.565, difference between AUCs 0.145, p=0.34). In hemodynamically stable patients, the combined endpoint in-hospital PE-related mortality and/or fatal or major bleeding (adverse events) occurred in 0% of patients with low risk ESC model and sPESI score 0, whilst it occurred in 5.5% of patients with low-risk ESC model but sPESI ≥1. In intermediate risk patients according to ESC model, adverse events occurred in 3.6% of patients with sPESI score 0 and 6.65% of patients with sPESI score ≥1.Conclusions: In real world, predictive performance of sPESI and the hemodynamic/biomarkers-based ESC model as prognosticator of in-hospital mortality and bleedings is similar. Combination of sPESI 0 with low risk ESC model may identify patients with very low risk of adverse events and candidate for early hospital discharge or home treatment.

Plasma Dynamics

Contains table of contents for Section 2 and reports on four research projects.Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Subcontract 6264005National Science Foundation Grant ECS 84-13173National Science Foundation Grant ECS 85-14517U.S. Air Force - Office of Scientific Research Contract AFOSR 84-0026U.S. Army - Harry Diamond Laboratories Contract DAAL02-86-C-0050U.S. Navy - Office of Naval Research Contract N00014-87-K-2001National Science Foundation Grant ECS 85-15032National Science Foundation Grant ECS 88-22475U.S. Department of Energy Contract DE-AC02-ET-5101

Impact analysis of storm "Vaia" in Roana and potential hypotesis of landscape reorganisation

openLa tesi si propone inizialmente di analizzare le l'area circostante al Monte Verena nel Comune di Roana (foreste e pascoli) per poi studiare le caratteristiche in comune tra le diverse aree di schianto dovute a Vaia, basandosi su Piani attuati ed eventi passati, proponendo alla fine alcuni semplici e possibili interventi di riassetto.this thesis want to analyse the area around Mount Verena in Roana (forests and grazing lands) for studying the common factor in the areas destructed by storm Vaia, using realized project and events of the past. Finally proposing some rearrengement intervention

SINTESI E VALUTAZIONE BIOLOGICA DI NUOVI AGENTI POTENZIALMENTE UTILI NELLA TERAPIA DEL MELANOMA MALIGNO

Malignant melanoma is an extremely aggressive tumour, which originates from the neoplastic transformation of melanocytes. The therapy of metastatic melanoma, whose incidence is dramatically increasing, continues to be a challenge since, regardless of the treatment approach used (chemotherapy, immunotherapy or immuno-chemotherapy), a long-term survival is quite uncommon. In an attempt to improve the effectiveness of the anticancer drugs currently available and to decrease their systemic toxicity, in addition to exploit some biochemical characteristics rather specific of the melanoma cells, a useful approach might be also the use of prodrugs, targeted to the tumor cells, that would release the active drug directly into the tumor mass and/or their surrounding extracellular environment. Aim of my Ph.D. work was the synthesis and the biological evaluation of three types of new compounds, designed as possible agents useful in an anti-melanoma therapy. The first compound, which we synthesized and tested, was a peptide-paclitaxel conjugate containing three functional domains: a “targeting domain”, an “activation sequence” and the cytotoxic agent paclitaxel. The “targeting domain”, whose function was to direct the conjugate to the tumour mass, was represented by a cyclic peptide containing the RGD sequence that can bind selectively the αVβ3 integrin, a surface molecule overexpressed by both metastatic human melanoma cells and endothelial cells of tumour vessels. The “activation sequence”, which should allow a selective release of paclitaxel within the tumour mass, was represented by a short peptide, substrate of cathepsin B (a lysosomal and pericellular protease highly up-regulated in malignant tumours, including human melanomas). The third functional domain consisted of the anticancer drug paclitaxel. The second type of prodrug, which we designed and tested, was a 4-mercaptophenol derivative, containing a butenone moiety, the 4-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)sulfanyl]-3-buten-2-one, obtained in its E and Z geometric isomers. This compound has been designed considering that: a) the 4-mercaptophenol moiety would be a good substrate for tyrosinase, an enzyme expressed at high levels in melanoma cells, where it is involved in the biosynthesis of melanin, and able to oxidize a variety of natural and synthetic phenols, giving rise to alkylating and cytotoxic o-quinones; b) an α,β unsaturated side chain, reactive towards GSH (present in relatively high concentrations in melanoma cells) would decrease cellular antioxidant defense against the oxygen free radicals (ROS) generated as by-products during melanin synthesis, in normal as well in tumor cells. Therefore, our prodrug should act as a bifunctional agent, capable of generating cytotoxic o-quinone species (following its oxidation by tyrosinase) and reducing GSH levels. A third part of the present work has focused on the study of the naftoquinone alkannin and its two acetylated derivatives (1’-acetyl alkannin and 5,8,1’-triacetyl alkannin), as potential inhibitors of the human glutathione-S-transferase (GST) P1-1. This enzyme, which catalyzes the conjugation of GSH to a wide range of nucleophilic compounds, is expressed at high levels in many tumor cells, including melanoma cells, and is considered one of the factors responsible of tumor resistance towards anti-cancer agents. Therefore, a specific inhibitor of this enzyme could be useful in cancer therapy, making the tumor cells more sensitive to chemotherapeutic agents.Il melanoma maligno è un tumore molto aggressivo, la cui incidenza è in costante aumento, che origina dalla trasformazione di cellule chiamate melanociti. La terapia del melanoma metastatico continua ad essere una difficile sfida, in quanto, indipendentemente dall’approccio terapeutico utilizzato (chemioterapia, immunoterapia o immuno-chemioterapia), i soggetti affetti raramente presentano una sopravvivenza a lungo termine. Per migliorare l'efficacia dei farmaci antitumorali attualmente disponibili e per diminuirne la tossicità sistemica, oltre a sfruttare alcune caratteristiche biochimiche relativamente specifiche delle cellule tumorali, e del melanoma in particolare, un approccio utile potrebbe anche essere quello di indirizzare verso le cellule tumorali dei profarmaci, che rilascino il farmaco attivo direttamente all’interno della massa tumorale e/o nel loro intorno extracellulare. I risultati riportati in questa tesi si riferiscono alla sintesi e alla valutazione biologica di tre nuovi tipi di composti progettati in questa ottica verso le cellule di melanoma. Il primo composto studiato è stato un coniugato peptidico del paclitaxel contenente tre domini funzionali: un dominio di "indirizzamento", una sequenza di "attivazione" e il paclitaxel, appunto, quale agente citotossico. Il dominio di “indirizzamento", la cui funzione era quella di dirigere il coniugato verso la massa tumorale, era rappresentato da un peptide ciclico contenente la sequenza RGD, in grado di legarsi selettivamente e con alta affinità all’integrina αVβ3, una molecola di superficie sovra-espressa sia dalle cellule di melanoma che dalle cellule endoteliali dei nuovi vasi tumorali. La sequenza di “attivazione ", che avrebbe dovuto consentire un rilascio selettivo del paclitaxel all’interno della massa tumorale, era rappresentata da una sequenza peptidica substrato della catepsina B, una proteasi a localizzazione lisosomiale e associata a membrana, altamente sovraespressa in molti tumori, compreso il melanoma. Il terzo dominio funzionale era costituito dal farmaco antitumorale vero e proprio, cioè dal paclitaxel, il cui legame con il peptide - nelle aspettative - avrebbe dovuto causarne la momentanea inattivazione fino al momento della sua effettiva liberazione in sede tumorale. Il secondo profarmaco testato è stato un derivato del 4-mercaptofenolo contenente una catena laterale butenonica, il 4-[(4-idrossifenil)sulfanil]-3-buten-2-one, ottenuto nei suoi due isomeri geometrici E e Z. Questo composto è stato progettato considerando che: a) la parte derivata dal 4-mercaptofenolo avrebbe dovuto essere un buon substrato per l’enzima tirosinasi (TYRase), un enzima espresso ad alti livelli nelle cellule di melanoma, perchè coinvolto nel processo di biosintesi della melanina, e in grado di ossidare una varietà di fenoli naturali e di sintesi, dando luogo a forme alchilanti e citotossiche come gli o-chinoni; b) la catena laterale butenonica (α,β insatura), essendo dotata di elevata reattività nei confronti del GSH, presente in concentrazioni relativamente elevate nelle cellule di melanoma, avrebbe dovuto sottrarre GSH alla cellula stessa, indebolendone di fatto le difese antiossidanti nei confronti dei radicali liberi dell’ossigeno (ROS) che si generano, come sottoprodotti, durante la sintesi di melanina sia in cellule normali che tumorali. Nelle aspettative, il profarmaco così progettato si sarebbe dovuto comportare come un agente bifunzionale in grado di formare o-chinoni citotossici in seguito alla sua ossidazione da parte della tirosinasi e in grado di ridurre al tempo stesso i livelli di GSH. Infine, un terzo approccio ha riguardato lo studio dell’alcannina (colorante naturale a struttura naftochinonica) e di due suoi derivati acetilati, quali possibili inibitori dell’enzima umano glutatione-S-transferasi (GST) di tipo P1-1, enzima espresso ad alti livelli in molti tumori tra cui appunto il melanoma. GSTP1-1 è un enzima coinvolto nel metabolismo di fase II degli xenobiotici, in quanto catalizza la coniugazione del GSH ad una vasta gamma di composti nucleofili, ma esso è anche ritenuto uno dei fattori promuoventi la farmaco-resistenza del tumore. Un inibitore specifico di questo enzima potrebbe essere quindi estremamente utile in una terapia antitumorale, rendendo le cellule tumorali più sensibili agli agenti chemioterapici

Flavonoids diosmetin and luteolin inhibit midazolam metabolism by human liver microsomes and recombinant CYP 3A4 and CYP3A5 enzymes

We evaluated the effects of increasing concentrations of the flavonoids salvigenin, diosmetin and luteolin on the in vitro metabolism of midazolam (MDZ), a probe substrate for cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A enzymes, which is converted into 1'-hydroxy-midazolam (1'-OH-MDZ) and 4-hydroxy-midazolam (4-OH-MDZ) by human liver microsomes. Salvigenin had only a modest effect on MDZ metabolism, whereas diosmetin and luteolin inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner the formation of both 1'-OH-MDZ and 4-OH-MDZ, with apparent K(i) values in the 30-50mumol range. Both diosmetin and luteolin decreased 1'-OH-MDZ formation by human recombinant CYP3A4, but not CYP3A5, whereas they decreased 4-OH-MDZ formation by both recombinant enzymes. To assess whether any relationship exists between the physico-chemical characteristics of flavones and their effects on MDZ metabolism, we tested the effects of three other flavones (flavone, tangeretin, chrysin) on MDZ metabolism by human liver microsomes. Whereas flavones possessing more than two hydroxyl groups (luteolin, diosmetin) inhibited MDZ biotransformation, flavones lacking hydroxyl groups in their A and B rings (flavone, tangeretin) stimulated MDZ metabolism. We also found close relationships between the maximum stimulatory or inhibitory effects of flavones on 1'-OH-MDZ and 4-OH-MDZ formation rates and their log of octanol/water partition coefficients (logP) or their total number of hydroxyl groups. The results of the study may be of clinical relevance since they suggest that luteolin and diosmetin may cause pharmacokinetic interactions with co-administered drugs metabolized via CYP3A